USS Maine Explosion and the Spanish-American War

The sinking of USS Maine took place on February 15, 1898, and contributed to the outbreak of the Spanish-American War that April. After years of unrest in Cuba, tensions began to re-escalate in the 1890s. Seeking to calm the American public, which had been calling for intervention, and to protect business interests, President William McKinley ordered the US Navy to dispatch a warship to Havana. Arriving in January 1898, USS Maine sank on February 15 after an explosion tore through the ship. Initial reports concluded that Maine had been sunk by a naval mine. Sparking a wave of outrage across the United States, the loss of the ship helped push the nation towards war. Though a later report in 1911 also concluded that a mine caused the explosion, some began to believe that it was the result of a coal dust fire. A subsequent investigation in 1974 also favored the coal dust theory though its findings have been contested. Background Since the late 1860s, efforts had been underway in Cuba to end Spanish colonial rule. In 1868, the Cubans began a ten-year rebellion against their Spanish overlords. Though it was crushed in 1878, the war had generated widespread support for the Cuban cause in the United States. Seventeen years later, in 1895, the Cubans again rose up in the revolution. To combat this, the Spanish government dispatched General Valeriano Weyler y Nicolau to crush the rebels. Arriving in Cuba, Weyler began a brutal campaign against the Cuban people which involved the use of concentration camps in rebellious provinces. This approach led to the death of over 100,000 Cubans and Weyler was promptly nicknamed the Butcher by the American press. Stories of atrocities in Cuban were played up by the yellow press, and the public put increasing pressure on Presidents Grover Cleveland and William McKinley to intervene. Working through diplomatic channels, McKinley was able to defuse the situation and Weyler was recalled to Spain in late 1897. The following January, supporters of Weyler began a series of riots in Havana. Concerned for American citizens and business interests in the area, McKinley elected to send a warship to the city. Arriving in Havana After discussing this course of action with the Spanish and receiving their blessing, McKinley passed his request to the US Navy. To fulfill the presidents orders, the second-class battleship USS Maine was detached from the North Atlantic Squadron at Key West on January 24, 1898. Commissioned in 1895, Maine possessed four 10 guns and was capable of steaming at 17 knots. With a crew of 354, Maine had spent the entirety of its brief career operating along the eastern seaboard. Commanded by Captain Charles Sigsbee, Maine entered Havana harbor on January 25, 1898. USS Maine entering Havana harbor, January 1898. US Department of Defense Anchoring in the center of the harbor, Maine was afforded the usual courtesies by the Spanish authorities. Though the arrival of Maine had a calming effect on the situation in the city, the Spanish remained wary of American intentions. Wishing to prevent a possible incident involving his men, Sigsbee restricted them to the ship and no liberty was given. In the days after Maines arrival, Sigsbee met regularly with the US Consul, Fitzhugh Lee. Discussing the state of affairs on the island, they both recommended that another ship be sent when it was time for Maine to depart. Rear Admiral Charles D. Sigsbee. US Naval History and Heritage Command Loss of Maine At 9:40 on the evening of February 15, the harbor was lit by a massive explosion that ripped through the forward section of Maine as five tons of powder for the ships guns detonated. Destroying the forward third of the ship, Maine sank into the harbor. Immediately, assistance came from the American steamer City of Washington and the Spanish cruiser Alfonso XII, with boats circling the burning remains of the battleship to collect the survivors. All told, 252 were killed in the blast, with another eight dying ashore in the days that followed. Investigation Throughout the ordeal, the Spanish showed great compassion for the injured and respect for the dead American sailors. Their behavior led Sigsbee to inform the Navy Department that public opinion should be suspended until further report, as he felt that the Spanish were not involved in the sinking of his ship. To investigate the loss of Maine, the Navy swiftly formed a board of inquiry. Due to the state of the wreck and a lack of expertise, their investigation was not as thorough as subsequent efforts. On March 28, the board announced that the ship had been sunk by a naval mine. The boards finding unleashed a wave of public outrage across the United States and fueled calls for war. While not the cause of the Spanish-American War, shouts of Remember the Maine! served to accelerate the approaching diplomatic impasse over Cuba. On April 11, McKinley asked Congress for permission to intervene in Cuba and ten days later ordered a naval blockade of the island. This final step led to Spain declaring war on April 23, with the United States following suit on the 25th. Aftermath In 1911, a second inquiry was made into the sinking of Maine following a request to remove the wreck from the harbor. Constructing a cofferdam around the ships remains, the salvage effort permitted investigators to probe the wreck. Examining the bottom hull plates around the forward reserve magazine, investigators found that they were bent inward and back. Using this information they again concluded that a mine had been detonated under the ship. While accepted by the Navy, the boards findings were disputed by experts in the field, some of whom put forward a theory that the combustion of coal dust in a bunker adjacent to the magazine had sparked the explosion. Workers preparing to raise the wreck of USS Maine, 1910. US Naval History and Heritage Command The case of USS Maine was reopened in 1974, by Admiral Hyman G. Rickover who believed that modern science might be able to provide an answer to the ships loss. After consulting experts and reexamining the documents from the first two investigations, Rickover and his team concluded that the damage was inconsistent with that caused by a mine. Rickover stated that the most likely cause was a coal dust fire. In the years after Rickovers report, his findings have been disputed and to this day there has been no final answer as to what caused the explosion.

Korda Essay - 795 Words

The history of Spanish culture and their historic events have been captured through art for centuries. Photography is one form of art that has documented and symbolized historic events that are still used today as historical documents. A Cuban photographer, Alberto Diaz Gutierrez, also known as Alberto Korda, famously documented the events of the Cuban Revolution. Alberto Korda became the world’s most famous Cuban photographer for his photography, documenting history of the revolution with over 55,000 revolutionary themed photographs. Korda was born in Havana Cuba in 1928. He taught himself about photography with his father’s camera, leading to capturing some of the world’s most famous photographs known today. Korda’s career began†¦show more content†¦From then on, Korda became Castro’s personal photographer; following Castro wherever the revolution took him Korda went, traveling throughout Cuba and overseas. On an assignment after the guerrillas defeated dictator Fulgencia Batista, Korda encountered such extreme poverty that changed his life, transforming himself to become a part of the revolutionary cause. Korda said, â€Å"Nearing 30, I was heading toward a frivolous life when an exceptional event transformed my life: The Cuban Revolution. It was at this time that I took this photo of a little girl, who was clutching a piece of wood for a doll. I came to understand that it was worth dedicating my work to a revolution which aimed to remove these inequalities.† The photograph was named La Nina de la Muneca de Palo. One of the images that Korda captured of the leaders involved was of Fidel and Nikita Khrushchev, illustrating the differences in each of them that were obvious in their individual politics. He continued to follow the new Cuban leaders wherever the revolution took them, Korda followed. Fidel returned to Sierra Maestra, in 1959, where the attacks of Fulgencio Batista regime began. Korda would always get himself in front of the uprisings Fidel was leading in order to get the photographs he wanted. Whenever Korda was return home, he would develop the documentary images and giveShow MoreRelatedCase Analysis : Korda V Australian Executor Trustees ( Sa ) Ltd1499 Words   |  6 PagesINTRODUCTION In Korda v Australian Executor Trustees (SA) Ltd , the High Court unanimously allowed an appeal and overturned the Victorian Supreme Court of Appeal decision finding that the proceeds of a forestry investment scheme were not subject to an express trust for the investors by the operators of the scheme. BACKGROUND SEAS Sapfor Forests Pty Ltd (â€Å"the Forest Company†) acquired, developed and managed timber plantations. The trees were felled, milled, marketed and sold by SEAS Sapfor HarvestingRead MoreRobert E. Lee s Life2092 Words   |  9 PagesLegend of Robert E. Lee, Michael Korda speaks very respectively when talking of Robert E. Lee’s character. The biography is written in chronological order with a lot of detail and very much fact based. Korda portrays Lee as a role model, who has made mistakes. Most of the book is written about Lee’s experience in the Civil War. Korda also explains on how Lee was very much a family man. This biography places Lee on a very high pedestal. In the very beginning, Korda writes that Robert E. Lee believedRead MoreTaming Of The Shrew Analysis1805 Words   |  8 Pagesthe landowning class below the nobility, feels his power slipping through his fingertips and desperately reaches out towards Katherina, the daughter of a wealthy merchant. Natasha Korda writes that Petruchio negotiates with Baptista for his daughter’s hand in marriage with a plan to domesticate his wealthy wife. 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This is why Petruchio is willing to â€Å"tame† Kate is for the money that comes with her when she marries him. Korda states, â€Å"in this period, household production was gradually being replaced by nascent capitalist industry, making it more economical for the housewife to purchase what she had once produced† (111). In the article Korda goes on to explain that domestic work has been â€Å"economically devalued† and Shakespeare’s Taming of the Shrew reflects this devaluing of houseworkRead MoreThe Life Of The World867 Words   |  4 PagesHowever Lia did not stay for long with her parents and was placed in a six month program. After the six months the court decided that the Lee’s would comply with Lia medication and removed her permanently. Lia was placed in a home with Dee and To Korda, who also had four children of their own. When Lia first moved in with the Korda’s she was having a tough time. She cried for days and even though she was regularly taking her medication she still was seizing, perhaps more than when she was at homeRead MoreAnalyzing the Iconic Image of Che Guevara1913 Words   |  8 Pageswere present when Korda took his photos (Gott). The funeral itself was important because it was emblematic of the Cuban revolution, which had sparked interest from radical thinkers worldwide. Although shunned by the Americans, the Cuban revolution gave hope to many people around the world that the people could overthrow dictators that were sponsored by the United States of America. Ironically, the newspaper never published this particular photo of Che Guevara. The image, which Korda entitled GuerrilleroRead MoreThe Spirit Catches You And You Fall Down Essay1896 Words   |  8 Pagesknown as a neeb. Txiv neeb m eans â€Å"person with a healing spirit.† This vocation, if not accepted, will result in the death of the host in which the spirit has decided to reside. 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Private and Public Speech for Vygotsky-myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about thePrivate and Public Speech for Vygotsky. Answer: Vygotsky recognizes language as one of the most important tool that helps in cognitive development. Vygotsky proposed use of the language to equip child with thinking strategies since it is linked with culture and thought. Though language and though are initially separate system, the two merges when child is three years old thus producing verbal thought1. Private speech refers to the speech spoken by the child between age of 1 to 7 to oneself for communication. The children are known speak to themselves that help them gain cognitive and communication skills as they develop. The importance of egocentric speech is that it helps child to monitor, plan, regulate and develop self-guidance skills1. Vygotsky reported positive correlation between the childs private and public speech and their task performance and achievement. However, the private speech diminishes as the child grows1. Factors which influence childrens emotional and psychological development Environmental risk factors Emotional and psychological development of a child is highly influenced by environmental risk factors which in most cases cannot be avoided. Such factors include; living in an unsafe community-this is a community where the child is exposed to risks such as criminal activities, drug abuse and even early exposure to sexual activities such an environment impacts negatively on the growth of a child. For example, in the case of criminal activities the child grows up knowing that criminal offenses are normal in any set up and they are likely to pick up such behaviours. They eventually end up with an emotional and psychological perspective of picking up such characters and they appear normal to them[1]. With drug abuse, once exposed early to such activities the child ends up abusing drugs as well and its evident that drugs such as bhang makes a child to fail in controlling their emotions and they also get affected psychologically. With a low quality child care set up children are left on th eir own with less moral guidance from their seniors and they pick up characters such as theft, use of abusive language and exposure to sexual acts which are unknown to their parents and in most cases are detrimental to their psychological and emotional development. Family risk factors; these may include maternal depression which directly affects a childs character. Children tend to learn and pick characters from their mothers and in the event that a mother is under repeated cycles of depression the child is likely to grow up depressed as well. Such children often fail to develop emotional attachment to those around them since they develop a feeling of betrayal by those causing their mother depression. A depressed child does not function well emotionally. They find it hard to put their emotions in check and cannot tackle issues in the right way. Growing up with a depressed mother may cause a child suicidal thoughts since they grow up not seeing their mothers happy most of the times[2]. This in the end damages them psychologically. With parental substance abuse, such as alcohol abuse, the child is exposed to an environment in which they grow up not seeing their parents functioning well. In a substance abuse environment there are often cases of fights between parents, negligence of parental duties such as food and medical care. In such a setup, the child ends up learning things on their own, taking up responsibilities from tender ages and so they miss out on being children like their peers. Its very hard for a child to get the right emotional and psychological development because such environments are always full of violence among parents and sexual abuse as well. With family violence either from parents or elderly siblings, the childs emotional development is affected in a big way. Violent family results to the child living in fear not really knowing what to expect next. They also end up losing love and trust from the abusive or violent family member[3]. The child will grow up with the notion that thats how the society is meant to be and so to them violent is normal. Such children end up being violent even when grown up and take this behaviour to their families. It ends up being a vicious cycle from generation to generation. Family poverty implies that the child may grow up lacking some of the basic needs and even luxuries that other children in the society enjoy. Such an environment impacts negatively on the emotional development of the child. The child grows up feeling of less importance in the society compared to other children in the society that are not affected by poverty. Within child risk factors; these are the characters of the child such as fussy temperament which in most cases makes the child unable to deal and control their emotions. Such children are quick to react to issues and in most cases they pick up violent characters[4]. Developmental delay causes a child to act less of their age, they find it hard to do tasks that their peers do with a lot of ease. This affects their emotional and psychological development as they always feel left out. Developmental delay is more evident in serious health cases such as autistic children whose mental development is often delayed leading to them being incapacitated in many ways and they cannot interact with their peers well. Three factors, which enhance the development of self-esteem and self-identity Many factors often influence the development of self-esteem and identity in individuals. In children society, media and family and friends are the key factors that can either build or bring them down. Society-pressure from society contributes a lot to low self-esteem because children are pressured to live and dress in a certain way and have only certain jobs when they grow up. Such pressures weigh on children leading to emotional despair. Media-children are obsessed with media which undermines emotional development in a healthy way. With ready access to social media, children are influenced to look and act like celebrities and public figures. It thus becomes overwhelming for children who are struggling with identity issues[5]. Friends and family-these are the people a child spends most of their times with and thus influence their self-esteem. Friends can assist one to develop their self-image or bring them down. To build them up, some people humiliate others with or without an awareness of the impacts of their actions. A profound effect on ones self esteem is gotten from the family they grow up with or come home to on a daily basis. A family that works in unity by building each other up contributes to healthy esteem in the young ones growing amidst them. Developmental tasks linked to the core principles of child development Childrens development is multidimensional A child is expected to grow in all spheres of life so as to achieve the roles of growth in life. One action in the developmental stages is likely to affect the child in multiple ways. Once a child has been successfully trained in the early stages of development the rest becomes gravy and falls in place automatically[6]. It entails biological dimensions where a child receives comfort while upset from their mother, cognitive dimensions that may involve changes in a childs language and intelligence and socio-emotional dimensions which involves changes in how a child relates with others as they grow. Childrens development occurs in a predictable sequence A child develops in a way that is quite predictable provided they do not have medical complications[7]. Any normal chills will go through a series of steps from one stage to adult hood without skipping any process. They may start of by learning things from their caregivers, develop murmurs and slowly speak up word by word. In normally developing children some things are taken as child development milestones. Such observations predate written language and spoken language[8]. For as long as children have been in existence, adults have observed children developing in some sequential ways and no stage is skipped. Childrens development depends on the interplay between genes and environment From science its evident that environment and genes play important roles in a childs development. They shape human development in a huge way[9]. There is a misconception that genes are set in stones but research indicates that the early experiences determine the expression of genes and how they are turned on and off and the expression of some. For healthy development of all body organs in a child including brains the extent of how genes are activated to perform certain roles matters a lot. The early life experiences by children play important roles in the brain development[10]. Care givers should therefore ensure that children have good growth promoting early life expediencies so as to boost their ability of becoming healthy and productive members in their societies[11]. Bibliography Brownell, Kopp, Socioemotional development in the toddler years (2010). Burke, "Self-esteem: Why?; Why not?", (2008) Homiletic and Pastoral Review, New York. Ferguson, Genetic contributions to antisocial personality and behavior: A meta-analytic review from an evolutionary perspective (2010). The Journal of Social Psychology, 160 KENPRO, Child Development Theories (2010). KENPRO Online Papers Portal. Available online at www.kenpro.org/papers King, Keyes, Malone, Elkins, Legrand, Iacono and McGue, Parental alcohol dependence and the transmission of adolescent behavioral disinhibition: a study of adoptive and non?adoptive families (2009). Addiction, 578 Kochanska, Aksan and Joy, Childrens fearfulness as a moderator of parenting in early socialization: Two longitudinal studies. (2007). Developmental Psychology, 43(1), 222237. Maslow, Motivation and personality (1970). 2nd ed. New York: Harper ow, Publishers. Olson, Russell, Fazio, and Anthony Hermann. Reporting Tendencies Underlie Discrepancies Between Implicit and Explicit Measures of Self-Esteem (2007). Psychological Science 287 Plomin, Commentary: Missing heritability, polygenic scores, and geneenvironment correlation (2013). Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 1147 Rueda Rothbart The influence of temperament on the development of coping: The role of maturation and experience (2009). New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 19.

Rosa Parks Essays - Montgomery Bus Boycott, Community Organizing

Rosa Parks Rosa Parks is famous for a lot of things. But, she is best known for her civil rights action. This happen in December 1,1955 Montgomery, Alabama bus system. She refused to give up her sit to a white passenger on the bus. She was arrested for violating a law that whites and blacks sit in separate sit in separate rows. She refused to give up her sit when a white man wished to sit there. The front was for whites only. The law says that blacks have to leave there sits in the next when all seats in the front were taken and whites still wanted seats. Before Rosa Parks was arrest, Montgomery's black leaders had been discussing about the city bus. Parks allowed the leaders to use her arrest to speak a boycott of the bus system. Martin Luther king ,Jr. then was a Baptist minister in Montgomery, then was chosen as president. For 382 days, from 12/5/1955 to 12/20/1956 thousands of blacks refused to ride the buses. The boycott ended when the U.S. Supreme Court declared segregated seating on the city's buses unconstitutional. The success encouraged other mass protests demanding civil rights for blacks. Rosa Parks held a variety of jobs and, in 1943. She became one of the first woman to join the Advancement of Colored People(NNCP). She severed as the organizations secretary from 1943 to 1956. Parks lost her job as a seamstress as a result of the Montgomery boycott. She and her family moved to Detroit in 1957. Where she worked for many years for Congressman John Conyers. She founded the Rosa and Raymond Parks Institute for Self Development to offer guidance to young African Americans in preparation for leader ship and careers. 1979, she won a Medal for her work in civil rights. She wrote an autobiography. Today, most of the people know her as a civil right action leader but, there is more then that one thing that she accomplished. Also, there is a Boulevard name after her in Detroit, it says "ROSA PARKS BLVD." Parks had changed a lot of peoples lives and also the laws. She says that she is glad that there are no signs on the public water fountains saying "Colored" and "White." She said, "Some of the white people's hearts have not been changed", that is why she's sad. After finding so many information about Rosa Parks, I think she is a real hero to this country. Also, I really respect her about what she did. She absolutely deserved to be a famous woman.

Pressure distribution on an ellipto-zhukovsky aerofoil Essay Example

Pressure distribution on an ellipto-zhukovsky aerofoil Paper The pressure distribution around an Ellipto Zhukovsky aerofoil with a chord of 254 mm at a range of angles of attack (-4? , 7? and 15? ) was determined and pressure contributions to lift were evaluated in a T3 wind tunnel at City University. This was carried out at a chord Reynolds number of 3. 9 x 105. Graphs for lift and pitching moment coefficients were plotted against angles of attack. A graph for Cm and Cl was also plotted from which the aerodynamic centre was determined to be 23. 7%. The value of lift curve slope was determined to be 4. 4759. Hence the value of k (the ratio of the actual lift curve slope to the theoretical one) for this aerofoil was determined to be 0. 917. The value of Cmo was also found to be 0. 0172. Specimen calculations for 15 degrees angle of attack can be found in the appendix section. LIST OF SYMBOLS Cp Pressure Coefficient Cpu Pressure Coefficient of upper surface Cpl Pressure Coefficient of lower surface Cl Lift Coefficient Cm Moment Coefficient x/c Position of pressure tapping on aerofoil divided by chord length Px Pressure at tapping x (Pa) Patm Atmospheric Pressure (Pa) ? Density of air (kg/m3) i Dynamic viscosity ? Kinematics viscosity (m/s2) We will write a custom essay sample on Pressure distribution on an ellipto-zhukovsky aerofoil specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Pressure distribution on an ellipto-zhukovsky aerofoil specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Pressure distribution on an ellipto-zhukovsky aerofoil specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer h Digital manometer reading ? angle of which manometer is inclined D or t Diameter of cylinder (mm) h tunnel height (mm) V Velocity of air flow (m/s) R Molar gas constant (J/kg. K) T Temperature (K) Re Reynolds Number INTRODUCTION An airfoil is any part of an airplane that is designed to produce lift. Those parts of the airplane specifically designed to produce lift include the wing and the tail surface. In modern aircraft, the designers usually provide an airfoil shape to even the fuselage. A fuselage may not produce much lift, and this lift may not be produced until the aircraft is flying relatively fast, but every bit of lift helps. The first successful aerofoil theory was developed by Zhukov sky and was based on transforming a circle onto an aerofoil-shaped contour. This transformation gave a cusped trailing edge, and so the transformation was modified to obtain a slender semi-eclipse trailing edge, which gave rise to the name Ellipto Zhukovsky. When a stream of air flows past an aerofoil, there are local changes in velocity around the aerofoil, and consequently changes in static pressure in accordance with Bernoullis theorem. The distribution of pressure determines the lift, pitching moment, form drag, and centre of pressure of the aerofoil. In our experiment we are concerned with the effect of pressure distribution on lift, pitching moment coefficient (Cm), and centre of pressure. The centre of pressure can be defined as the point on the aerofoil where Cm is zero, and therefore the aerodynamic effects at that point may be represented by the lift and drag alone. A positive pressure coefficient implies a pressure greater than the free stream value, and a negative pressure coefficient implies a pressure less than the free stream value (and is often referred to as suction). Also, at the stagnation point, Cp has its maximum value of 1 (which can be observed by plotting Cp against x/c). Zhucovsky claimed that the aerofoil generates sufficient circulation to depress the rear stagnation point from its position, in the absence of circulation, down to the (sharp) trailing edge. There is sufficient evidence of a physical nature to justify this hypothesis and the following brief description of the Experiment on an aerofoil may serve helpful. The experiment focuses on the pressure distribution around the Zhucovsky airfoil at a low speed and the characteristics associated with an airfoil:  coefficient of lift,   coefficient of pitching moment   and centre of pressure. The airfoil is secured to both sides of the wind tunnel with pressure tappings made as small as possible not to affect the flow,(appendix- photo 1 . The pressure difference around the airfoil is measured with twenty-five manometer readings which are recorded for each angle of attack. The manometer fluid is alcohol and has a specific gravity of 0. 83 and inclined at an angle of 30 degrees. Tube 1 is left open to atmospheric pressure, while tubes 2-13 are the lower surface of the airfoil and tubes 14-24 are the upper surface of the airfoil. The pressure tapings are positioned on the airfoil at a distance x/c, noted in the results table and tube 35 is the static pressure of the wind tunnel. The dynamic pressure is given by a digital manometer. The digital readout results were used for all calculations because they are more precise. Results Raw data and calculated values for x/c, Cp and Cp(x/c) can be found in the appendix. Graphs of Cp against x/c for angles of attack -4, 7, and 15 degrees can be also be found in the appendix. These graphs determine the lift coefficient. Counting the squares method was used to determine the values of Cl. Graphs of Cp*(x/c) against x/c for angles of attack -4, 7, and 15 degrees can be also be found in the appendix. These graphs determine the pitch moment coefficient. Counting the squares method was used to determine the values of Cm. Graphs of Cl against angle of attack ,Cm against angle of attack, and Cm against Cl can be found in the appendix. Also below is a summary of the results: Angle of Attack (degrees) Cl Cm -4 -0. 513 0. 153 7 0. 740 -0. 166 15 0. 946 -0. 183 Discussion The experiment was conducted in a low speed, closed wind tunnel, operating at approximately 50% of its speed. The aerofoil was mounted in the wind tunnel and its pressure tapings connected to a manometer inclined at 30 degrees to the horizontal. The height of the liquid in each manometer tube represented the pressure acting on each of the aerofoil tapings. The pressure in the working section, and the pressure at the venturi inlet were taken into account, and a resulting wind tunnel velocity was displayed on a digital manometer. The Reynolds number was calculated (see appendix. Values of Cl and Cm for other angles of attack were obtained from other groups conducting the experiment, and were used to obtain more accurate graphs. It was also found that the slope of the Cl against angle of attack graph was 4. 4759, which was not relatively close to the theoretical value of 7. 105. The aerodynamic centre was calculated at 23. 7% of the chord length (from the slope of the Cm against Cl graph). It was found that the lift increased with angle of attack, up to a point where the aerofoil experiences stall, and a dramatic loss of lift occurs. As there was little change in the lower surface pressure distribution, the lift was mainly generated due to the upper surface suction. As the angle of attack increases, the height of the upper surface suction peak should increase, and move forward, indicating that the centre of pressure is moving forward. However, experimentally this was not prominent, and can be attributed to a possible disturbance in the pressure distribution around the aerofoil. At zero degrees angle of attack, for a symmetrical aerofoil, lift and Cm should equal zero. The reason that they were not zero means that the aerofoil must have had a very small angle of attack. The discrepancy between the theoretical and experimental value of lift curve slope is due to boundary layer effects, and the effect of the thickness of the aerofoil, and thus the theoretical value needs to be multiplied by the k value (=0. 917) to obtain the experimental result. Conclusion The aim of the experiment was achieved with a relatively good level of experimental accuracy. The pressure distribution over an aerofoil contributes towards the lift and pitching moment coefficient, where the increase in suction on the upper surface (due to an increased angle of attack) increases the lift, and pitching moment coefficient. The variation of pressure distribution also affects the location of the centre of pressure. The factors which affected the pressure distribution, were mainly the thickness and the Reynolds number. However, when it comes to comparing the results with their theoretical values it is clear to see that there have been significant errors have occurred in the experiment. These are listed below. Human errors in reading of the manometer tubes. Where several people were involved and this led to different techniques being used it would have been best for everyone to take their own set of readings and the average value calculated using all the data. The most common error without ant doubt was parallax and this could have been avoided by using digital measuring devices. Calculation errors i. e. rounding off, conversion error and error occurring when the area under the graphs was calculated for the coefficient of lift.   Experimental errors some of the tapping may have been defective and not enough tapping were provided. Also to obtain a better lift curve slope there should have more angles of attack. Also any obstructions in front of the wind tunnel such as people would create unnecessary turbulence inside the wind tunnel. Appendix Specimen Calculations.

Revising to Make Your Writing Precise

Revising to Make Your Writing Precise Finding the right word was a lifelong quest for French novelist Gustave Flaubert: Whatever you want to say, there is only one word that will express it, one verb to make it move, one adjective to qualify it. You must seek that word, that verb, that adjective, and never be satisfied with approximations, never resort to tricks, even clever ones, or to verbal pirouettes to escape the difficulty.(letter to Guy de Maupassant) A perfectionist (who happened to have an independent income), Flaubert would spend days worrying over a single sentence until he got the words just right. Most of us, I suspect, dont have that kind of time available. As a result, we often have to be satisfied with approximations when drafting. Near synonyms and almost-right words, like temporary bridges, let us move on to the next sentence before a deadline arrives. Nonetheless, converting inexact words to precise ones remains a critical part of revising our drafts - a process that cant be reduced to one simple method or clever trick. Here are 10 points worth considering the next time you find yourself in search of the right word. 1. Be Patient In revising, if the right word is not at hand, run a search, sort, select process through your mind to see if you can find it. (Even then, a word may be elusive, refusing to emerge from the mind one day only to arise from the subconscious the next.) Be prepared to rewrite today what you revised yesterday. Above all, be patient: take the time to select words that will transfer your exact thought to the mind of a reader. May Flewellen McMillan, The Shortest Way to the Essay: Rhetorical Strategies. Mercer University Press, 1984 2. Wear Out Your Dictionary Once you have a  dictionary, use it as much as possible.   When you sit down to write and need a particular word, pause to consider the key ideas you want to convey. Start with a word thats in the ballpark. Look it up and go from there, exploring synonyms, roots, and usage notes. Manys the time a usage note in the American Heritage Dictionary has led me to the word that fits, much as the right jigsaw puzzle piece slips into place. Jan Venolia, The Right Word!: How to Say What You Really Mean. Ten Speed Press, 2003 3. Recognize Connotations Do not be fooled into thinking you can substitute one word for another simply because a thesaurus groups them together under a single entry. The thesaurus will do you little good unless you are familiar with the connotations of possible synonyms for a given word. Portly, chubby, chunky, heavy, overweight, stocky, plump, and obese are all possible synonyms for fat, but they are not interchangeable. . . . Your task is to select the word that conveys most accurately the precise shade of meaning or feeling you intend. Peter G. Beidler, Writing Matters. Coffeetown Press, 2010 4. Put Away Your Thesaurus Using a thesaurus will not make you look smarter. It will only make you look like you are trying to look smarter. Adrienne Dowhan et al., Essays That Will Get You Into College, 3rd ed. Barrons, 2009 5. Listen [B]ear in mind, when youre choosing words and stringing them together, how they sound. This may seem absurd: readers read with their eyes. But in fact they hear what they are reading far more than you realize. Therefore such matters as rhythm and alliteration are vital to every sentence. William Zinsser, On Writing Well, 7th ed. HarperCollins, 2006 6. Beware of Fancy Language There is a difference between vivid language and unnecessarily fancy language. As you search for the particular, the colorful, and the unusual, be careful not to choose words merely for their sound or appearance rather than for their substance. When it comes to  word choice, longer is not always better. As a rule, prefer simple, plain language over fancy language . . . Avoid language that seems stilted or unnecessarily formal in favor of language that sounds natural and genuine to your ear. Trust the right word - whether fancy or plain - to do the job. Stephen Wilbers, Keys to Great Writing. Writers Digest Books, 2000 7. Delete Pet Words They may be more pests than pets. They are the words you overuse without even knowing it. My own problem words are very, just, and that. Delete them if theyre not essential. John Dufresne, The Lie That Tells a Truth. W.W. Norton, 2003 8. Eliminate the Wrong Words I do not choose the right word. I get rid of the wrong one. Period. A.E. Housman, quoted by Robert Penn Warren in An Interview in New Haven. Studies in the Novel, 1970 9. Be True How do I know, the sometimes despairing writer asks, which the right word is? The reply must be: only you can know. The right word is, simply, the wanted one; the wanted word is the one most nearly true. True to what? Your vision and your purpose. Elizabeth Bowen, Afterthought: Pieces About Writing, 1962 10. Enjoy the Process [P]eople often forget that the sheer joy of finding the right word which expresses a thought is extraordinary, an emotional rush of an intense kind. Playwright Michael Mackenzie, quoted by Eric Armstrong, 1994 Is the struggle to find the right word truly worth the effort? Mark Twain thought so. The difference between the almost-right word and the right word is really a large matter, he once said. Its the difference between the lightning-bug and the lightning.

Marketing Fundamental Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Marketing Fundamental - Essay Example Porter's Five Forces analysis helps the marketer to contrast a competitive environment. It has similarities with other tools for environmental audit, such as PEST analysis, but tends to focus on the single, stand alone, business or SBU (Strategic Business Unit) rather than a single product or range of products. TESCO is UK's largest retailer, having around 1900 stores in UK alone and more than 2700 stores employing over 370,000 people worldwide, with group sales crossing m 37,070 worldwide at the end of financial year 2005. An international retailer of food, non-food and retailing services, Tesco currently operates in the China, Czech Republic, France, Hungary, Japan, Malaysia, Poland, Republic of Ireland, Slovakia, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey and the UK. Michael Porter's Five Forces have become a yardstick for assessing industry profitability. They are; Customers' bargaining power: Buyer power acts to force prices down. I apples are too expensive in Tesco, buyers will exercise their power and move to Sainsbury. Fortunately for Tesco the market has a disciplined approach at the moment which stops the competitors from destroying each other in a profit war. Growing competition within the retail supermarket has forced TESCO to diversify in many other areas and products including overseas ventures. While it is true that nearly 80% of group sales and profits come from the UK business, it is equally true that the buyer now has more options in the form of Asda/ Wal-Mart and Sainsbury. Suppliers' power: This is the power wielded by suppliers demanding that retailers pay a certain price for their goods to sell. Large supermarkets like Tesco have the overwhelming advantage over the small shopkeepers - they dictate the price they pay the supplier (while the small shopkeeper has to make adjustments as demanded by suppliers) If the supplier does not reduce the price, they will be left with no retailers to sell to, Tesco and the other large supermarkets will have all the customers. Tesco buys its own brand products from suppliers. All products are supplied to Tesco in a finished state. The suppliers buy the raw materials for their products from a variety of other suppliers, producers, growers or farmers and then process the product in some way to produce the finished product that Tesco sells. So, Tesco does not buy directly from any primary producers, growers or farmers. But now there is a general perception gaining the ground that it is squeezing the value out of its su pply chain. For the moment this might not matter to its customers and shareholders who, it seems, are happy enough with its "pile it high, price it low" approach. But the supermarket chain needed to look at positioning itself so that, if perceptions did start to change significantly, it did not get its fingers burnt. Competition: Holding a number one position in the retailing business in UK for quite a while a now, TESCO has started feeling the heat of growing competition from the likes of ASDA and Sainsbury the number two and three respectively. As of June 2006, Tesco has 31.1% of the UK grocery market while