The Economic Rationale for Road Pricing is Compelling Essay

The Economic Rationale for Road Pricing is Compelling - Essay Example The European Union is studying the marginal cost of pricing in the arena of transportation for about a decade now. The Union funded many ongoing projects in this field. The RAC Foundation handed over the responsibility of determining the mechanisms of motoring taxes to the independent institute of fiscal studies. They were asked to investigate whether the taxes are equitable and justifiable. The report from the institution mentioned the issue of cabotage and stated that the hauliers belonging to the other countries have the potential to deliver goods into the market of UK by paying lower taxes on diesel or ignoring the duty rates of the country (Gillen, 2007, p. 1-2). Road Transport and economics A key role is played by transportation in the economic scenario of today. A term, transport economics is used now to identify the role of transport in economy. The supply is determined by the capacity carriers offer to the travelers while the demand is determined by the number of trips the t ravelers takes within a particular time frame. In order to witness a booming economy it is necessary to maintain a steady system of transport that allows fluent access of goods and services across the country. If the goods get delay because of lacks in transport facilities the profits will fall which will take its toll on the level of efficiency. An efficient transport system will create employment opportunities (Croner, 2012). A vast majority of labor is necessary to carry out the responsibilities of transporting goods to the various places quickly. When the economy is not on its course people are less willing to travel and the economy suffers while in the booming situation frequent traveling not only creates more job opportunities but also contributes in strengthening the transport system. The road transportation is more popular where people tend to find the less costly method of transportation. The road transportation facilities are characterized by monopolistic competition which revolves around the conditions of supply and demand. The products or the services offered in the monopolistic competitive market are same but cannot be substituted. The differentiation in the offered products provides choices for the consumers and the consumers can take the decision on which product they want to avail. This factor acts as the catalysts to drive in more competition into the market as well as new innovations which are less costly and more effective (Seely, 2012, p. 2) The report The report of the IFS recommended a move to a more diverged system of road pricing. The revenues raised as a resultant can be used to reduce the taxes on motor transport. Such a measure is thought to generate sufficient economic gains from reduction in congestion. The measure is also thought to reduce the levied taxes on the majority of driven miles, and leave a certain portion of the motorists in a better off situation as well as provide a stable footing for the taxes on motoring without tak ing any additional measures to raise the net additional benefits from the drivers. The use of roads generates costs that are borne not only by the motorists but also by the wider society. Therefore externalities are accrued to the system of road taxes or the system of road pricing. These externalities suggest that in the absence of effective pricing or taxation policies there is inefficient high level of road use. The taxes have the

PDR and Gnatt chart for the data access project Research Paper

PDR and Gnatt chart for the data access project - Research Paper Example For this project a student and faculty web-portal design will be created to give both students and faculty members separate access towards their past performance records, quizzes, assignments and other data track record and access. Executive summary To resolve the problem we recommend implementing a web portal for students so that they can access their records off the normal process of using the university website. We reviewed other alternatives but the proposed solution is selected because it will save the institution extra cost and also will save the university the trouble of maintaining two different websites, for students and for visitors. The technology for the solution meets our long term goals of faster internet access and reliability in accessing records for students. The solution dovetails with our current operating environment where we have implemented strategic systems that help students in their studies. The project is expected to cost $306640 and require 2 months to comp lete. Specific benefits this project provides are faster access to student records, assured security of the data and reliability in accessing details for students. ... This problem can also be solved by making proper networking in the college networking department. This networking will help to differentiate the portal of faculty and students so that their treatment and privacy can be individually managed without intervening in each other’s portal or access point. Alternatives We reviewed other alternatives like if we could create a different website that would be used by students and teachers alone. We thought this alternative would not make sense because the website would be congested after some time and implementing security and authentication in a normal website would also be tedious. By implementing a web portal, we would still use the same domain name that we already have. Stakeholders The stakeholders of the project include students and members of staff. They will benefit from the project directly. With regard to the above-mentioned networking and portal services solutions, the students and faculty will be directly affected. They will gain a number of benefits out of these services in different forms including fast service, rapid access to their accounts, and an increase in student and faculty productivity as well. This Project will also help new and potential students who visit the college website to retrieve information (i.e. admission and course schedules) in an efficient manner. Scope/SOW The project will entail developing a web portal that will address the data access issues for faculty members and students. This does not however mean that the project will come up with a separate website to be used by these groups. It is developing a different system that will be integrated with the website which will help students and faculty members to access various records. The web portal that is being developed in

Atomic Bombing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Atomic Bombing - Essay Example The consequences of nuclear warfare were already foreseen, and as a matter of fact, at the top of its official voice that was publicly aired, in the midst of the heated issue of race for nuclear armaments the US abhorred potential destructions that may be brought by nuclear bombing to people, country and the entire world. Despite this, the US still remained to secretly initiate scientific researchers that would potentially pave the way for better understanding of the atomic bombs. Its actual bombing using this nuclear weapon in Japan had eventually proven to help it win its war with this country. However, it is evident that it simply orchestrated a move that was a bit contradictory to its personal public statement in line with its stand on nuclear warfare and even on the rudimentary issue on the race for nuclear armaments with the Soviet Union and other parts of the world. At this point, it is important to assess such secrecy involved associated with the creation of atomic bombs prio r to the actual consecutive bombing in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Secrets laboratory studies pertaining to atomic bombs in one way or another could be a form of betrayal of public trust on the part of the US. Thus, it could be remarkably observed that the desire of the US to reach its competitive edge over the other seems bred in the bone. The point of keeping the whole thing about atomic bomb exploration secret from the world connotes there must be something the US devised to achieve in the future. In fact, this plan was eventually disclosed when Japan was taken by surprise and shuddered at the possibility that the US eventually created nuclear armaments, enough to destroy the entire world. The whole point is now clear, and there were two possible things that the US simply wanted to share

Positive and Negative Impacts on International Business Assignment

Positive and Negative Impacts on International Business - Assignment Example These forces include economics, religion and politics. Globalization can corrode and globalize the characteristics and individualities of a local cluster. Globalization is the scheme of interface among the economies and countries in order to develop and grow the global economy. The term globalization has been increased since the mid of 1980s. In the year 200, the IMF have identified four fundamental aspects of globalization, such as dissemination of Knowledge, Trade and Transactions, migration and movement of human beings and capital and investment movements. Moreover, several environment challenges like, cross-boundary air and water pollution, climate change, and over fishing is directly and indirectly linked with globalization. Globalization has able to influence and strengthen the power of several intuitions, such as World Bank, International Monetary fund and World Trade Organization. The global business outsourcing has significantly increased due to the globalization. Several co untries face challenges as they tend to maximize positive outcomes from globalization. They did not bother about the minimization of necessary elements. Due to globalization, the control of consumers over the suppliers from other foreign countries gets weaker. Multinational A multinational corporation is a corporation, which is registered in more than the host country. The multinational corporations both manufacture and sell products and services in various countries (Gitman and McDanniel, 2008, p.52). Moreover, the multinational corporations have business operations in more than one country. The first ever multinational corporation was the East India Company. These multinational corporations play an important role in globalization. Business practices of multinational corporations in several countries can overcome the unemployment problem of the nation. Moreover, it helps to increase the GDP growth rate of a country. Multinational corporations can have exerted controversial politica l and economic power in some countries. As a result, critics have viewed these multinational corporations distrustfully and sometimes seek to have host countries inflict restrictions on them. Accountability is also a challenge for Multinational Corporation. These organizations’ annual revenue over and over again exceeds the Gross Domestic Product of several developing countries. It will affect the financial and economic structure of a country. Glocalization Glocalization is a combination of both the terms globalization and localization. It is a business terminology for the adoption of goods and services to each culture and locality in which it used to sell. This term and process is very much similar to internationalization. This term was first introduced in late 1980 in global market. The increasing restaurant chains in global market is an example of globalization, but the change of menus in several countries in order to attract the people of particular countries is an exampl e of Glocalization (Hesselbach, J., 2011, p.2). Organizations, individuals and households are trying to maintain the social networks that used to combine the long-distance and local interactions. The declaration of particular locality, such as a state or a city or a town is used to consider as a world territory, with rights and responsibilities on a global scale. Before

Philosophy of Law Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Philosophy of Law - Research Paper Example Amongst them includes the Natural School of thinking, The positivist School of thinkinginter alia. This subject is a broad area of study and our discussion will be confined within the understanding, conceptualization, and comprehension of the Positive school of thinking under which Legal positivism being the theory, which was propagated by John Austin famously, referred to Austin’s Theory, was extracted. Austin’s theory commonly referred to as Legal Positivism revolves around the idea that law is what it is and not what it ought to be. As was contradistinguished with the idea drove forth by the Natural School of law thinkers who opined that law must reflect eternal principles of Justice and morality which they believed originated from a super natural power beyond human’s understanding but which dictated the lives of men and which existed independence of government recognition (Austin 40). Austin’s approach to Law offered the best-formulated alternative of both the natural school of law and utilitarian approaches, which were propagated by Bentham. He also advanced the idea that there should be a complete separation of between law and morality and that law should be developed towards maximization of utility or personal pleasure or pain. Consequently, wisdom of a guiding policy can be calculated by addition of all pleasures and subtraction of all pain brought to everyone. (Ibid) Austin’s theory of law is most often referred to as the â€Å"command theory of law† based on the fact that the concept of command lies at its core viz law is the command of the sovereign, backed by a threat of sanction in the event of non-compliance or disobedience aimed at undermining its dictates (Patterson 244-46). A proper case scenario includes the laws of a state orchestrated from which norms and policies of a state are debated and passed by the legislative arm of the government. Assented by the president as the head of the executive, the sa me becomes a law, which commands the activities of the national within their sovereignty (Petterson 244-46). If a tort feaser feasernegligently causes an injury to a complainant, then the claim against him will be made based on the law. In the cause of his engagement with the claimant, the tort feaser must have been alive to the requisite norm. Once you subject one to danger and the same consequently occurs the event that proceeds thereafter shall culminate to liability or remedy compensational by rules put forth in the statute, otherwise referred by Austin as sanctions of the state. The element of the breach originated from the actual conduct of the injury otherwise referred to as the actusreus is what dictates whether he is suppose to be held accountable or liable for the injury against a claimant. The same argument equally applies to the criminal case instance where once it is established that the element of both mensrea and actusreus exists then the accused person can be punishe d according to a source of law that is in existence with accordance to the law of that state. Legality according to Austin, on this basis, is determined by the source of a norm and not based on the merits of its substance. The answer to the question â€Å"what is law?† is therefore obtained vide resort to facts not value. According to John Austin, a rule R is legally valid in a society S if and only if R is commanded by the sovereign in S and is backed up with the threat of a

BUSCOM wk2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

BUSCOM wk2 - Essay Example Most importantly, in a highly diverse society in the current era of rapid globalization and advancing technology, effective communication becomes the major enabling element of promoting cross cultural understanding and resolving conflicts amicably. Hence, within the wider scope of human interaction, the various modes of verbal and non-verbal communication facilitate development of mutually beneficial bonds. The demonstrative or non-verbal communication especially, becomes highly pertinent as it can create misunderstanding or resolve differences between two people to forge long lasting association. The non-verbal formats of communication are very important elements that send critical message to speaker as well as to the listener. Sender and receiver both are keys to demonstrative communication. These messages are sent through body language vis-a-vis gestures, behavior, tone of voice that is used in conversation, physical appearance and dress code etc. They are important elements to di sseminate essential information like sincerity, consciousness, confidence and integrity of the individuals (Guirdham, 2002). Facial expressions strongly send messages of personal emotions. They reflect positive or negative sentiments of the sender or receiver when messages are sent or acknowledged. Different meanings are attached to myriad facial expressions. A smile shows happy demeanor while grimace shows distaste. These can also carry different message to different cultures. Negative expressions tend to spoil relations and create animosity. Grin is another facial expression with ambiguous message that may convey happy state, interest or even reflect arrogance. But mostly, smile expresses positive feeling as a result of finding something funny in the communicated message. It is therefore construed as positive communication. I try not to grimace even when something does not please me as it might adversely impact social or professional relationship. Indeed, facial expressions are cr itical factors that carry often carry different messages in different cultures. In Arabic culture, too much smiling reflects shallowness. Body language is vital means of expressing moods and attitude of individuals. Slouched posture or fidgeting often indicates discomfort while upright position shows confidence. Eye contact reveals that person would be honest in his communication and indicates confidence on his knowledge of the subject which he/she believes can be clearly communicated. On the other hand, if an individual is either looking down or focusing elsewhere, he is either lacking in confidence or he has not been honest. As such, his verbal communication would be less effective and would not promote trust. Listening intently is also very crucial aspect of no-verbal communication that helps develop mutual trust and confidence. In professional arena, it serves as important tool for reassuring colleagues and team mates or subordinates that their view points are being listened to. In an office, listening intently to the problems of others helps to sort it out early and facilitates in creating an environment of shared learning and mutual respect. Another very significant format of demonstrative communication is the tone of the voice while exchanging messages or information. The tone of the individual is powerful tool that is able to send strong positive or negative emotions. When one is

Importance of open book assessments Essay Example for Free

Importance of open book assessments Essay An open book examination is one in which examinees are allowed to consult their class notes, textbooks, and other approved material while answering questions. It is ideally suited to teaching programmes that especially aim at developing the skills of critical and creative thinking In order to appreciate the merits of open book examinations, it is first of all necessary to understand the nature of teaching programmes in general. Most conventional examinations test how much information the students have been able to store in their minds. In order to cope with this demand, students memorize the information in class notes and textbooks, and transfer it to answer books during the examination. In this type of examination, success depends on the quantity of information memorized, and the efficiency with which it is reproduced. Does this leads to creative thinking? Noooo This is where open book examinations come in. Open book examinations Provides a chance for students to acquire the knowledge during the preparation process of gathering suitable learning materials rather than simply recalling or rewriting it. It Enhances information retrieval skills of students through finding the efficient ways to get the necessary information and data from books and various resources Also it enhances the comprehension and synthesizing skills of students because they need to reduce the content of books and other study materials into simple and handy notes for examination A more important reason for using open book examinations is that they have a tremendous impact on promoting the right mental sets in both learning and teaching. The most immediate result on students will be that they will stop mugging or rote learning. Most students used to conventional examinations think of studying as the mechanical memorization of information in textbooks and class notes in order to reproduce it in examinations. Open book examinations will effect a fundamental change in this attitude. If textbooks can be consulted in the examination rooms, why bother to memorize them? Does this mean that students dont need to study for examinations? No. It implies that studying should not be equated with memorizing; instead, it should be of understanding concepts, and using these concepts (along with available information) to practice the skills of modifying and building knowledge, thinking critically, and solving problems. In acquiring the right strategies of studying, nothing is as effective as the shocking realization that mugging is of no use in the examinations. Given open book examinations, there will be no more mugging. Once the burden of mugging is taken away, education can be a pleasurable activity, not a painful drudgery. What is learnt with pleasure is learnt more effectively, and retained better.